UNIT 2: Nigeria's Ethnic and Cultural Diversity 2.1 Ethnic Diversity Nigeria is Africa's most populous country (over 220 million people) and one of the world's most ethnically diverse nations, with over 250 distinct ethnic groups speaking over 500 languages. This diversity is both Nigeria's greatest strength and a source of ongoing tension. Major Ethnic Groups: • Hausa-Fulani: Predominantly in the North, accounting for roughly 29% of the population. Predominantly Muslim. Historically dominant in Northern politics and administration. • Yoruba: Predominantly in the Southwest, about 21% of the population. Mix of Christianity, Islam, and Traditional Religion. Historically influential in commerce, education, and culture. • Igbo: Predominantly in the Southeast, about 18% of the population. Predominantly Christian. Known for entrepreneurship and commerce. Fought for secession as 'Biafra' (1967–1970). • Minorities: Hundreds of smaller ethnic groups — Ijaw, Tiv, Kanuri, Ibibio, Edo, Nupe, Efik — occupy the Niger Delta, Middle Belt, and other regions. 2.2 The Origins of Nigerian Ethnic Diversity Nigeria's borders were created by British colonizers in 1914 through the 'amalgamation' of the Northern and Southern Protectorates — uniting peoples with vastly different histories, cultures, and political systems under a single colonial administration. This artificial colonial creation has been a fundamental source of Nigeria's ethnic tension. 2.3 Ethnicity and Conflict in Nigeria Ethnicity has been weaponized by political elites to mobilize support and compete for power and resources. Key ethnic-based conflicts include: • The Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970): Igbo-led secession attempt as the Republic of Biafra, triggered by anti-Igbo pogroms in the North.