incompatible goals. o Assumes parties perceive the world similarly. 2. Constructivist View (Subjective): o Conflict arises from differing perceptions, beliefs, and interpretations. o Misunderstandings, misperceptions, and communication failures fuel conflict. Key Insights • Most conflicts involve both competition and cooperation (“mixed motives”). • Conflicts contain both objective and subjective elements. 1.2 Dimensional Perspectives of Conflict Conflict has two dimensions: 1. Objective Dimension These are external, observable elements independent of individual perception: • Scarce resources: land, water, commodities. • Power, status, recognition. • Institutional structures. Analysts focusing solely on this adopt an instrumental view. 2. Subjective Dimension These are internal, psychological, emotional elements: Fear, anger, mistrust, jealousy. • Negative perceptions of the other. • Values and identity issues. Analysts focusing here adopt an expressive view. Conclusion: Conflict must be understood holistically, addressing both objective and subjective dimensions. 1.3 Types of Conflict a) Intrapersonal Conflict Internal conflict within one’s mind. b) Interpersonal Conflict Between two individuals with incompatible goals or communication breakdown. c) Role Conflict Arises from unclear or conflicting role expectations within institutions. d) Intergroup Conflict Between groups such as ethnic communities, departments, or nations. Involves stereotypes, scapegoating, discrimination. e) Multi-Party Conflict Involves multiple stakeholders with different interests (e.g., resource governance). f) International Conflict Between states; combines resource, value, and power struggles. 1.4 The Life Cycle of Conflict Conflict is dynamic and moves